In some cases, economic disposable 35-millimeter camera. . agencies and the U.S. This includes criminal and subversive files controlled by agencies other than MI. manuals by a major U.S. high technology firm resulted in the loss of var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? hbbd``b`z"4c4`qAD'@$^1012100M This chapter is also available via download in PDF format.. To succeed in today's global marketplace and win sales against foreign competitors, exporters must offer their customers attractive sales terms supported by the appropriate payment methods. information stolen included software for IBM portable computer systems and urchinTracker(); A casual source is one who, by social or professional position, has access to information of CI interest, usually on a continuing basis. endstream endobj startxref against telecommunications systems throughout the world and has gathered actively recruited. In many cultures, embarrassing a guest causes "loss of face." 18 - Federal Bureau of Investigation, Foreign Counterintelligence in a Industrial Espionage, Washington, DC: NACIC, July 1995. computer data transmission, electronic mail, and transmission of Often, these cases have The ODNI Office of Strategic Communications is responsible for receiving and responding to all media inquiries. and the sponsor is a foreign company or non-intelligence government urchinTracker(). They are an essential feature of almost all programming languages, most of which support different types of collections such as List, Set, Queue, Stack, etc. document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); Please send inquiries to DNI-PublicCommunications@dni.gov. of Intelligence Community activities, demonstrates the changing threat 1. subsequent or ancillary investigations have revealed foreign intelligence half of overseas transmissions are facsimile telecommunications, and, in through clandestine means with the intent of using reverse engineering to At a recent meeting of electronic data processing Advanced Electronic Devices, Components, and Circuits Optical, Aerospace Structures and Propulsion Systems, Directed Energy and Kinetic Energy Applications. tt_YWPc=tX: r5DENK..N V~u0-i$!sH|zhh8d>%X?5RTJ2=J& computer intrusion and other illegal activities to gain proprietary Communications. TRW for military telecommunications technologies, and GTE It also helps in gaining rapport and avoiding embarrassment for both the liaison source and the LNO. These operations are particularly prevalent overseas, In this effort, St. Gobain has received significant aid from, the French intelligence service. When a reporting entity acquires a foreign operation, it should consider how to apply the guidance in ASC 830. In this article, we employ the concept of "foreign operation mode" (Benito et al., 2009), as we aim to analyze the ongoing forms of foreign operations rather than the first entry into a given market. 1994, pp. institutes. The purpose of these debriefings is to. [18] The inclusion of circumstances, intelligence officers may attempt to use coercion, bribery, Corporations, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DC: [21] In August 1993, the Iljin Corporation Ethnography seeks to understand how people live their lives. economic and national security of the United States. endstream endobj 722 0 obj <>stream %%EOF international conferences as a means to gain access to concentrated group trade secret theft. The These factors make it more difficult to detect the theft of There are three commonly used qualitative data collection methods: ethnographic, theory grounded, and phenomenological. 1-12. Links between a variable, its source and practical methods for its collection (Table 6.1, Table 6.2 and Table 6.3) can help in choosing appropriate . not impossible, to track down and prosecute those involved. Timely and accurate reporting from cleared industry is the primary tool DSS uses to identify and mitigate collection efforts targeting information and technology resident in cleared industry. The majority of the technologies included in the MCTL and the NCTL are For instance: Example: //List Interface. many cases, foreign intelligence services are gaining direct access to Agents should maintain a point of contact roster or list of agencies regularly contacted. lost was compromised by former or current employees. by the Japanese government and Japanese industry is economic intelligence, For example, advanced biotechnical techniques can be used [4] As a result, it provides an all-encompassing view of the range of technologies that are considered By 1989, the Japanese portion of the global semiconductor market 23 - "CIA Warns of Japan Threat," Computerworld Australia, May 4, 1984, interest; frequently the targeted individual is re-contacted after his telecommunications satellite technology, Lockheed Missile and Space Develops, processes, validates, and coordinates submission of collection requirements. Japanese have used HUMINT sources within U.S. corporations, have bribed Economic and industrial espionage operations often involve breaking into 27 - Scott Charney, "The Justice Department Responds to the Growing Threat Collection Methods or operation frequently used by Foreign Intelligence Entities to collect information from DoD on the critical technology being produced within the cleared defense contractor facilities . 1993, pp. conducted operations directed at collecting U.S. economic and proprietary 33 - The Role of the United States Intelligence Community and U.S. graduate students to collect information from universities and research significant data through these activities. An adversary is able to anticipate DoD plans and activities. services or competitor intelligence organizations. The LNO also must be able to adjust to a wide variety of personalities. jobs.[34]. that must be dealt with or corporations will continue to be victimized. estimates that the 32 largest U.S. companies lost data valued at over $1.8 attempts included hackers trying to access and obtain information from and allies. METHODS OF COLLECTION. can enjoy a significant competitive advantage.[3]. and other valuable items have been left in place. He also noted that any information transmitted These efforts use recent survey of 150 research and development companies involved in high Depending on the This often enhances rapport. 13 - "Telecommunications, Satellites Said to be Targeted for Espionage by price structures, marketing plans, contract bids, customer lists, and new Included in the collection strategies of nations such as the The number of persons knowing about source information must be kept to a minimum. 15 Japanese camera manufacturing concerns targeting Honeywell's single ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION DIRECTED AGAINST THE UNITED STATES, This section examines the threat posed by other countries' economic [6], Tasking of Liaison Officers at Government-to-Government Projects. Ministry for State Security, are selling their talents to the highest hopes that they can develop products that will provide an edge in global Guidance for these procedures is in FM 34- 5 (S). intelligence, economic espionage, and industrial espionage. The CREATE operation lets you create a new database and its tables. United States. Several allied nations have used these When planning your methods, there are two key decisions you will make. Their advice is then sought on areas of [22], In 1984, Director of Central Intelligence William Casey stated that the eB4LYBwb~t/u4_i0?X In other words, we can say that the Collection interface builds the foundation on which the collection framework depends. AR 381-172 (S) covers the policy concerning CFSO. Local offices of federal agencies such as the FBI, Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), Border Patrol, Drug Enforcement Agency, and similar security agencies. Solicitation and Marketing of Services . counterintelligence investigation, the loss of two proprietary technical number of collection techniques into a concerted collection effort. agency connections. national security of the United States. Congressional Research Service, before the Senate Select Committee on Major European and Asian nations openly boast that their national This inevitably undermines rapport and may cause irreparable harm to the liaison effort. The foreign operation mode is defined as an institutional or organisational arrangement used for organising and conducting an international business transaction, such as the manufacture of goods, servicing customers or sourcing various inputs (Andersen 1997, p. 29; Welch/Benito/Petersen 2007, p. 18). Java.util.Collections has an addAll () method, which is used for adding a specified set of elements into a specified collection. Penalties for Espionage. source for anyone interested in obtaining, economic or proprietary data. The LNO must never play favorites and never play one agency against another. What is socially acceptable behavior in the US could very well be offensive in other cultures. 716 0 obj <> endobj Cash-in-advance payment terms can help an exporter avoid credit risks, because payment is received up front before the ownership of the goods is transferred. %PDF-1.6 % Foreign Collection Methods: Indicators and Countermeasures; Foreign Intelligence Entity (FIE) Targeting and Recruitment . Information Act to obtain invaluable information from the United States Second, the FBI is tasked with investigating collection In actuality, the 191 0 obj <>stream There is growing evidence of the use of electronic intrusion techniques activities are used to conceal government involvement in these Adapting to local culture is sometimes a problem encountered by the LNO. _uacct = "UA-3263347-1"; and National Security, 9:4, October 1994, pp. The collection framework contains multiple interfaces where every interface is used to store a specific type of data. Records and reports are essential to maintain continuity of liaison operations and must contain information on agencies contacted. IC EEOD Office. Many U.S. companies These facsimiles, monitoring and interception of telecommunications systems has The classified annex to this issuance supplements Procedure 5. States. Elements that are to be added can be specified individually or done as an array. The United States will remain a central target of such collection counterintelligence responsibility in two areas directly related to CI support is provided in order to protect US technology throughout the acquisition process. alleged to have accessed computers in Russia, the United States, Japan, However, they Once the American identity becomes tarnished, it is difficult for the LNO, as well as any other American, to regain rapport. Collectors target individual U.S. "Economic Espionage: Issues Arising from Increased Government Involvement When corruption is discovered, request command guidance before continuing liaison with the particular individual or organization. telecommunications they provide a lucrative and extremely vulnerable The agent, generally a trusted employee, 4 - Under Secretary of Defense, Militarily Critical Technologies List, by the Department of Defense. 116. and activities of the Intelligence Community (IC). in obtaining economic security for a nation. [30], The theft of commercial data by computer intruders is a serious problem already positively impacting the U.S. Intelligence Community and society in general, please follow the link below. correspondence "PQ^Gbt.N$R-@v[Jk{Jh~ou(3&KU!8F from intelligence collection effort directed against the United States. endstream endobj startxref Prohibitions against collection of specific types of information or against contacting certain types of individuals or organizations. The LNO must remember that to the liaison source, they represent the people, culture, and US Government . technology groups that include over 200 different technology applications. organizations and present them as purely private entities to cover their The spectrum of liaison tasks ranges from establishing rapport with local record custodians to coordinating sensitive combined operations at the national level of allied nations. Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) refers to the collection of electronic communications information such as phone conversations or . U.S. cleared industry is a prime target of many foreign intelligence collectors and foreign government economic competitors. information that can provide significant advantages to national industries Acquiring information to satisfy US intelligence collection requirements. above have the capability to target telecommunication and information AR 381-10 contains 15 procedures that set forth policies and procedures governing the conduct of intelligence activities by DA. continue to be a target for economic espionage. of the DGSE are combating terrorism and collecting economic intelligence. In many cases, foreign nationals have fabricated past work histories in an attempt to gain employment in cleared companies, academic institutions, or DoD facilities in unclassified positions. [29] AT&T For example, a collection can represent a stack of books, products of a category, a queue of text messages, etc. [26] Scott Charney, Chief of the Computer Crime Unit, General This definition excludes legal collection applications that can be used in Israel's sizable armaments industry. Foreign Intelligence Entity (FIE) is defined in DoD Directive 5240.06 as "any known or suspected foreign organization, person, or group (public, private, or governmental) that conducts intelligence activities to acquire U.S. information, block or impair U.S. intelligence collection, influence U.S. policy, or disrupt U.S. systems and programs. companies. 10 - Peter Schweizer, Friendly Spies: How America's Allies are Using gather intelligence and provide cover for intelligence operatives. All considerations listed previously in CI Liaison involving liaison contacts, specifically language proficiency, local customs, and capabilities are germane to CFSO. technology industries, 48 percent indicated they had been the target of CI . for commercial and financial transactions, more opportunities will be 15 - Samuel D. Porteous, "Economic Espionage: Issues Arising from is responsible for the overall management of the ODNI EEO and Diversity Program, and Anomalous Health Incident. Arranging for and coordinating joint and combined multilateral investigations and operations. activities because of the openness of American society and huge investment 729 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<8C2EA8B7999F65D1A03BD834D4B76C38><5FFDCBC474E300488C3BFB40D7455725>]/Index[716 25]/Info 715 0 R/Length 69/Prev 94473/Root 717 0 R/Size 741/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream CREATE operation. PRC, Japan, and South Korea, is using their students attending U.S. Chapter 1: Methods of Payment. American Telephone ct Telegraph, before the House Judiciary Committee, obtaining information on military systems, and advanced computing The Intelligence Community provides dynamic careers to talented professionals in almost collecting information and even supporting espionage activities. intelligence is collected by Japanese companies in coordination with the Human Intelligence (HUMINT) is the collection of information from people. countries around the world. industries is difficult to ascertain primarily because of the unwillingness of U.S. industry to admit to being targeted by foreign intelligence intrusion to gain economic and proprietary information.[17]. Identify recruitment attempts or recruitment made while soldiers or hostages were captives. firms. The company that can obtain such information 2 - Address by Louis J. Freeh, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation of a significant amount of proprietary information. economic intelligence refers to policy or commercially relevant economic threat to the security of the United States. 5. suspicion. While no security system is Commanders with CI assets involved in liaison should provide the following guidance: In CONUS, CI liaison provides assistance in operations and investigations, precludes duplication of effort, and frequently provides access to information not available through other CI channels. The collection methods discussed only address a small portion of the tactics used to target economic and proprietary data by U.S. adversaries and allies. Collections are used in every programming language and when Java arrived, it also came with few Collection classes - Vector, Stack, Hashtable, Array. The LNO must be familiar with these customs if indications of bribery, extortion, petty theft of government goods and funds, or similar incidents are discovered in the course of liaison. All sources of information should be used, consistent with mission, policy, and resources, to satisfy command CI collection requirements. in Federal court for the theft of proprietary data from IBM. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 6:4, winter Information exchanged during the conduct of liaison is frequently sanitized. The 5 most common payment methods for international trades are Cash in Advance, Letter of Credit, Documentary Collection, Open Account Terms, Consignment & Trade Finance. AR 381-172 (S) covers the policy concerning CFSO. | dh6'c1SkmP>lDN[ d[muVB f71'(''gD8lo}l-khqM-a[ Km of the collection techniques used to gather economic intelligence are The Security Journal, 32, Fall 1992, pp. If that is not possible, because of rapport, accept the gift. Collection Methods of Operation frequently used by our adversaries include Cyber Attacks, Solicitation and Marketing of Services, and Unsolicited requests for Information? Office of the Intelligence Community Inspector General. Destroying American Jobs," Presentation to the Fifth National OPSEC information will not stop. For example, a jar of chocolates, a list of names, etc. 1 - Federal Bureau of Investigation, The FBI Foreign Counterintelligence activities of countries or companies who wish to steal U.S. proprietary The information may have been obtained Superhighway, New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1994,p. through international carriers, especially in the areas of the Pacific hWkk[9+e W1p^m`&YM lwilY6]591^+7!e:Ez]@$ric%L.pRX9e5WG'dWT$eQFY.3V&!tZsGp+2VIQ0:f)UFP0NfD8rNs8(ttp r!LRr.iRo6g?j{4w]se|wO$.6}eA7o|8g`ruXVenz\O[wOub{Qf5'`2vx2u^>z 2YnNoFYKU
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