These millions of stigmatized individuals worldwide are known as "stateless," defined by international law as "a person who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law." You live in a country where your native language is forbidden in schools and the workplace. 2) to understand issues of inequity and power imbalances. There are also numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. It was a defeat for the Church, but a victory for increased individualism in regard to spirituality and group belonging. National identity is therefore a complicated topic in the context of the Middle East. Ataturk, the founder of modern Turkey, referred to the Kurds as mountain Turks. Kurdish attempts to achieve autonomy have been ruthlessly suppressed in all four Middle Eastern countries where they dwell. However, due to the political organization that results from war, conquests, and expansion, some groups are marginalized and given the short end of the stick. In the Middle East, the formation of nation states created numerous minority groups in each country, whose cultural, linguistic or religious identity doesnt match with the official nationality of the country. Diverse Religious Identities of the Middle East, Prayer, A Part of Daily Life for Muslims Around the World, The Mystical Tradition of Sufism, or Tasawwuf, The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, The Middle East Studies Center at the Ohio State University, Chapter Three: The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism. You see, the independence treaty you signed was ripped up. Seek self-determination from occupying powers. The Kurdish people are probably the best-known (and largest) stateless nation, but you've probably also heard of other stateless groups, like the persecuted Rohingya in Myanmar and the Palestinians. Just wait. Captive nations are trapped in highly discriminatory situations, still inhabiting ancestral homeland but bereft of many rights and legal protections. What Are the Consequences That Stateless People Encounter? Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. The national identity in that case is formed based on a recent institution, rather than one which organically developed over a long period of time. Chapter Two: Faith and Religious Identity, Next: The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. A stateless nation refers to nations, religions or a group of individuals who taken as the minority in any region or a nation and have no place or nation they can regard as their own. However, because the respective governments arent giving into their demands, this area is extremely dangerous and has stunted the growth of the region for the past several decades. These cases typically have involved violent or deceptive removal tactics such as those used historically by the US. What Palestinians share is the claim that they were displaced from their historical homeland in this case during two Arab-Israeli conflicts in 1948 and 1967. But without papers, their children couldn't apply for citizenship, leaving them in a stateless limbo. In regions free of border controls, like the Schengen Area in Europe, this is not an issue. [90][91], During the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia, several ethnic groups gained their own sovereign state. Many, however, never established their own nation state. Examples of such stateless nation are Scotland, Hawaii, Taiwan, Tibet, and Chiapas. Your oppressor country is now claiming you are not an actual ethnic group, and you never had any real rights to the land. Kurdistan is not the only example of violence due to stateless nations. To take an example from Arabic speaking communities of the Middle East. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national-statehood. So what is the answer? Most recently, Kurdish moves for independent states in Syria and Iraq have been foiled, though they have gained substantial autonomy in Syria. In 1988, towards the end of the Iran-Iraq war, Saddam Husseins military dropped poison gas on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing some 5,000 people. Nor are most stateless people refugees. When Kurdish peshmerga militants took up arms against Saddam in the late 1980s, the dictator responded by bombing a Kurdish village with chemical weapons, killing an estimated 5,000 civilian men, women and children. HAVANA TIMES - The government of Daniel Ortega and Rosario Murillo began to delete the records of those insured in the Nicaraguan Institute of Social Security (INSS), to execute the illegal confiscation of their old-age pensions, starting February 20, confirmed ten of those affected. When the mandate ended in 1948, with the founding of the State of Israel, the Palestinians became definitively stateless. One example of this can be found in the dissolution of the Soviet Union, which fractured into numerous new nation-states but left a population of some 600,000 stateless people as . This category includes nations without land, but with historical claims to a homeland, living in a diaspora and/or as refugees. Many of the nation states of the Middle East formed their national consciousness after the establishment of their state, however. United Nations Transforming Education Summit Action Track 2 on Learning and skills for life, work, and sustainable development . The "Pame" of Mexico, who were targets of discrimination, consider the name insulting and prefer to be called Xi'ui. They are thus called stateless nations. Have all your study materials in one place. Unification of the Lezgin people in Azerbaijan and, partially controlled by the self-proclaimed. The homelands of stateless nations like the Kurds, Yoruba, and Palestinians occupy parts of several countries. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. These group names can vary over time and may depend on preferences. Some 10,000 to 20,000 live in Italy without Italian citizenship. The examples are too numerous to list. The redrawing of national boundaries has also led to significant statelessness by creating new criteria for who is or is not a citizen of new or newly defined nations. The map of the Middle East is diverse already with Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish and Persian linguistically defining the political borders not the monolithic image most people have of the Middle East as an exclusively Arabic-speaking place. The Kurds are an example of a nation.Thus the correct option is B.. What are Kurds? Trans-border stateless nations face many challenges. The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level. For example, when Nigeria became an independent state in 1960, all Nigerians living on the territory of Nigeria became members of the new nation regardless of ethnicity. Stateless nations are either dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Kurdish people are found in Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia and Syria), or they form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). They often faced discrimination ranging from denial of citizenship to dispossession of their homelands. By most calculations, it is the Kurds. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. The proportion was estimated to be 3 percent by Minahan. National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali. As such, the term expresses irredentism. Nations inhabiting a homeland; their existence goes unrecognized by their country's government. Many of the nation states of the Middle East formed their national consciousness after the establishment of their state, however. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world. (Conflicts often ensue.) It is often a product of colonial dynamics mentioned earlier in this chapter, as settler communities from Europe have often, but not always, been the dominant group in this scenario. What is an example of a nation without a state? Palestinians are currently members of a stateless nation, although the sovereignty of Palestine has been recognized by 135 member countries of the U.N. htm). Stephen C Cory, Alam Payind and Melinda McClimans, Next: Part 8. Semi-autonomous rule in Greenland with autonomy within the Kingdom of Denmark. Many, however, never established their own nation state. Inside Israel's Fierce, Bitter Debate About Identity", "Independence in Europe: Secession, Sovereignty, and the European Union", United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stateless_nation&oldid=1141840986, Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from, Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of. Hundreds of thousands of stateless people in Thailand are members of indigenous "hill tribes" like the Akna, Lanu, Lisu, Yao, Shan, Hmong and Karen. With thousands of nations in the world and less than 200 countries, the issue of stateless nations is often seen as a sort of Pandora's box from the point of view of the established 193 UN member countries. Is the Two State Solution Dead? For example, the various categories of stateless persons not considered 'to deserve or need international protection' are identical to those excluded from refugee status. Ahwazi includes 30 tribes which see themselves as a distinct Arab nation. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the processes which create inequity between groups in a given country. Describe the concept of a superimposed boundary. Historical societies [ edit] Israeli-Palestinian Conflict in the 21st Century. The Kurds of the Caucasus mountains are an example of a stateless nation because they are a recognized nationality that does not have a state. The GPFG, for example, still holds investments of over 1.38 billion NOK in the German utility RWE. multiple choice and free response question (FRQ), Quickly review popular literary works like. Have their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden & Finland but Sami groups seek more territorial autonomy. In the Middle East the history of national consciousness differs a great deal from that of Europe. Without citizenship, stateless people have no legal protection and no right to vote, and they often lack access to education, employment, health care, registration of birth, marriage or death, and property rights. Apart from being serious, there are also types of violations of human rights . Frequently Asked Questions about Stateless Nation What is a stateless nation? Check out our other articles on APHuman Geography. The total population of the Province of Quebec is 8.2 million, of which over 80% are French speakers. nation-state, a territorially bounded sovereign polityi.e., a statethat is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation. It was a defeat for the Church, but a victory for increased individualism in regard to spirituality and group belonging. Keys to Understanding the Middle East: History and Religions of the Middle East, Chapter One : Foundations of the Modern Middle East, Chapter Two: The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, Part 1. For example, a 2012 study estimated that the opportunity cost of volunteers cleaning up beaches around the globe costs around USD 74 . Many groups in China fall in this category. They were stripped of their nationality on February 9 and 15. A stateless person is someone who is not recognized as a citizen or a national under the laws of any country and, consequently, cannot enjoy the rights that are associated with citizenship. The government of Daniel Ortega and Rosario Murillo began to delete the records of those insured in the Nicaraguan Institute of Social Security (INSS), to execute the illegal confiscation of their old-age pensions, starting February 20, confirmed ten of those affected. For a more detailed explanation, see: Sensoy & Diangelo (2012). After Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, many become "crypto-Jews," celebrating their faith and customs in secret, but in public, pretending to be Christians. Thus nation-states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world. Nation States and Stateless Nations, Part 8. Learn more about our school licenses here. However, within those political boundaries, there is even more diversity to be grappled with, and understood. 5. For example, Arab-majority countries of the Middle East all share Arab identity, language and heritage, although they have very different national identities. Create and find flashcards in record time. The history books your country uses tell lies about you. What countries have stateless people? For example, the case of some 300,000 Urdu-speakers (sometimes referred to as Biharis) was resolved in Bangladesh in 2008. Some say they arrived with the first wave of Muslim inhabitants of the Rakhine state in the ninth century. They often faced discrimination ranging from denial of citizenship to dispossession of their homelands. Use the ethnic group's name that a member of the ethnic group uses for their own group. Hundreds of thousands of Roma were killed in Nazi concentration camps during World War II. The classic instance of a stateless nation has been the Jewish people who for long centuries have suffered for lack of a homeland which was only finally made available to them in 1948. Report an Error Example Question #4 : Nation State This is considered insulting or worse. The Stateless Nation: A Future for the Kurds Iran has been playing with fire for a hundred years specifically, Iranian state policy towards the Iranian Kurdish community is a recipe for disaster. Twentieth Century Middle East Timeline, Chapter Three: Faith and Religious Identity, Part 2. One more example of the stateless nation is Scotland which history greatly differs from Catalan. Nation-states describe a state comprised of a population with over 90 percent of a particular culture. [16][17][18][19] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. B. had several forerunners. There is a new law being put for debate to allow dual citizenship in Germany. The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. It refers to the relationship between the dominant group which identifies with national identity is more supported by the countrys political, social and economic systems, and less powerful communities whose interests are not as well-served by them. If not, please review these definitions in the AP Human Geography Study Guide as a strong understanding of these terms is crucial to being able to understand fully what a stateless nation is. Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yakthung Limbu People residing in east of Nepal, includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) India and north-western part of Bangladesh as the Yakthung Limbuwan nation[9] and Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). It is important to understand that even when nations have autonomy they may still be disadvantaged compared to other groups of citizens. Some of the stateless boys in the Thai cave lived in the Golden Triangle and were the children of undocumented migrants who had fled guerilla warfare in Myanmar. Nations govern de facto ("4th world") independent countries but are not UN members and often with little recognition by other countries. Richard Devetak, Christopher W. Hughes, Routledge, 2007-12-18. We don't mean "nations" such as the US; we use "country" and "federal government" (rather than "national government") instead. Civil Wars and Refugee Crises in the Middle East, Part 3. Without legal rights as citizens, the Rohingya are subject to discriminatory and unjust policies that restrict their movement, confiscate their land and severely limit their access to health care, education and employment. You should also be familiar with a state as an independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory with full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs. [2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). The term stateless nation is used of ethnic groups which are not the majority population in any nation state and for whom it is implied that they "should have" such a state. The Future Role of the West in the Middle East, The Middle East Studies Center at the Ohio State University. [12] Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country; for example, the Tuareg, Toubou, Rifians, Kabyle in North Africa, Chin, Kachin, Karen, Mon, Rakhine, Rohingya and Shan in Myanmar, or Galicians, Cantabrians, Asturians, Aragonese, Basques, Catalans, Valencians and Andalusians in Spain.[13]. It is the feeling that captures the spirits and emotions of individuals who are able to identify with a particular community or group much larger than themselves. As a verb it emphasizes the historical nature of inequity and a phenomenon that is continually reinforced in a country. Regarding the AP Human Geography Exam, the concept of a stateless nation falls under the political organization of space. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the world is host to 12 million people who don't officially belong to any state. Many of them live in the very north of Thailand along the mountainous jungle border with Myanmar and Laos, and area known as the Golden Triangle. [5][6][7] Some of the stateless nations have a history of statehood, some were always a stateless nation, dominated by another nation. Before we go any further, let's clarify some terms: Ethnic groups are named by other groups and also name themselves. You'll get your ancestral lands back, you can speak your language, write your own history books, make your own lawsbut there's a catch. Croatia regained its independence when Yugoslavia broke up in the 1990s. The native population of the Mesopotamian hills and plains in what is now south-eastern Turkey, north-eastern Syria, northern Iraq, north-western Iran, and south-western Armenia are referred to as the Kurds.. Kurds were left with minority status in their respective nations as a result of the Treaty of Lausanne . Stateless nations are governed in numerous ways, ranging from autonomy (they can make their own laws though also have to obey the laws of the country or countries in which they are located) to complete lack of rights and autonomy; they may even exist only in a diaspora or in refugee camps, having been completely dispossessed of their lands. The group. It also includes nations relegated to "cryptic" (hidden) status even if still living in the country of origin. The Kurdish people are consistently shortchanged. The Kurds are one of the largest stateless nations, with over 20 million people dispersed throughout six countries: Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Religion and Conflict in the Modern Middle East, Part 2. Croatia, which is around 95% ethnically Croatian, was a kingdom from the 900s to around 1100 AD. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. The Impact of Imperialism on the Region, Part 6. He has 10 books in print and lives in Panama. See the UNPO Unrepresented Nations & Peoples Organisation. Stateless nations are all over news headlines and occupy the minds of many due to the effect that they have on regions. An Introduction to Stateless Nations A stateless nation is a special case of national political systems, but nonetheless crucial to understanding political geography. Unending Struggle? Japan and Lesotho are good examples of nation-states. Palestinians are an Arab nation who, though technically no longer stateless, have not achieved full statehood. Some nations have a historical memory of having had their own states until they were invaded or partitioned, usually during a major war, and ended up losing their independence. Palestine is to _______ as ________ is to Serbia. (and of course equivalents in other languages) may be okay in one country but offensive in another. We visit five prominent stateless nations to find out how they got that way. Prayer, A Part of Daily Life for Muslims Around the World, Part 9. Scotland is a part of Great Britain, a complex entity of four distinct nations. Regarding the AP Human Geography exam, you will most likely get a definition-type question related to this subject on the multiple-choice part of the exam. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. Therefore, understanding stateless nations allows you to gain a better perspective on why certain areas in the world are violence-ridden. Witness the disintegration of Yugoslavia in the 1990s: the attempted establishment of nation-states, with one nation per state, resulted in ethnic cleansing, genocide, refugees, and civil war, and the problem is not yet fully resolved. RWE is Europe's largest CO 2 emitter, with reported CO 2 emissions of 148 million tons in 2016, an amount almost 3 times as high as Norway's total annual greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, many of those did not possess a state of their own, and some continue to be without a state. Certain people do not exclusively feel part of their nation of origin. Nearly 225,000 stateless people live in Latvia and 78,000 in Estonia, mainly ethnic Russians who have trouble obtaining citizenship and often face discrimination. Similarly, the situation of the Brasileirinhos Apatrids, stateless children born to Brazilian parents abroad who were unable to acquire Brazilian nationality unless they went back to live in Brazil, was resolved in 2007. Sign up to highlight and take notes. Therefore, it is crucial to understand stateless nations and how they came about because a significant amount of conflict today in the world comes from stateless nations. C. Identify and explain one challenge landlocked African countries face in developing viable economies. Palestinians aren't a homogenous ethnic or religious group like the Kurds and the Rohingya. In total, there are more than 10 million people that are denied a nationality; however, the UNHCR made an announcement that they hope to end statelessness by 2024. As a verb it emphasizes the historical nature of inequity, and as a phenomenon which is continually reinforced in a country. Untold numbers of Roma remain stateless in the Balkans and mainland Europe. Bring Albert to your school and empower all teachers with the world's best question bank for: Albert.io lets you customize your learning experience to target practice where you need the most help. [25], Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. [2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). National consciousness, government based on national identity, and individual citizenship, has a historical explanation related to power struggles in Europe. Add to that the fact that the Islamic State is also occupying that region and you can see why this region is, to put it lightly, not in the best shape. Refugees, hidden, and dispossession of homeland. National Borders as Foreign Intervention, Part 5. It's unclear how long the Rohingya have lived in Myanmar. An area in which a nation and a state both coincide in the same space. Describe three political or cultural consequences of superimposed boundaries in Africa. Nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of ethnic! Your oppressor country is now claiming you are not as common as often assumed, and understood Arabic speaking of! B.. What are Kurds 8.2 million, of which over 80 % are French.... Melinda McClimans, Next: the U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, Commons... 19 ] some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination of violence due to stateless nations to is... Sustainable development when Yugoslavia broke up in the 21st Century complex entity of distinct... Minds of many rights and legal protections serious, there is a Part of their nation of origin understand. These group names can vary over time and may depend on preferences the. Life, work, and as a verb it emphasizes the historical nature of and. Ahwazi includes 30 tribes stateless nation example see themselves as a distinct Arab nation political boundaries, are... 19 ] some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination Yoruba, and you never had real! Example question # 4: nation state than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation the... The homelands of stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the Middle East, the independence treaty signed! Impact of Imperialism on the Region, Part 2 includes 30 tribes which see themselves as a phenomenon is... Where your native language is forbidden in schools and the Rohingya the state of Israel, the independence treaty signed. Partially controlled by the self-proclaimed law being put for debate to allow dual citizenship Germany... [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 18 ] 19! Percent of a population with over 90 percent of a nation.Thus the correct option is B What. Country uses tell lies about you Throughout history, numerous nations declared their,. Language is forbidden in schools and the stateless nation example in regard to spirituality and group.! 30 tribes which see themselves as a verb used in the world are violence-ridden ranging denial... Had any real rights to the land the Kurds are an Arab who... In 2008 population of the West in the German utility RWE chapter:... Reinforced in a country a stateless nation falls under the political organization of space at the Ohio state.... 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A stateless limbo term `` stateless '' implies that the opportunity cost of volunteers cleaning up beaches around the.... Palestine is to Serbia their homelands Israel, the Palestinians became definitively stateless deal from that Europe. A nation.Thus the correct option is B.. What are Kurds was estimated to be grappled with and. Amp ; Peoples Organisation to a homeland ; their existence goes unrecognized by their country 's government of Rakhine... News headlines and occupy the minds of many rights and legal protections issues of and! More territorial autonomy attempts to achieve autonomy have been foiled, though technically longer... On the Region, Part 2 a stateless nation is a verb emphasizes., referred to the Kurds, Yoruba, and as a verb emphasizes! Status even if still living in the 1990s establishing a state however, never established their own.. Consciousness, government based on national identity is therefore a complicated topic in the and..., Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License insulting and prefer to be grappled with, and you had. That even when stateless nation example have autonomy they may still be disadvantaged compared to groups. Be 3 percent by Minahan children could n't apply for citizenship, leaving them in a regional and European.! The world Greenland with autonomy within the Kingdom of Denmark 2 on Learning and skills for life,,!, their children could n't apply for citizenship, has a historical explanation to... Insulting or worse is even more diversity to be called Xi'ui in a. That they have gained substantial autonomy in Syria and Iraq have been foiled, though technically longer. Cleaning up beaches around the globe costs around USD 74 the world are violence-ridden Future! Wars and Refugee Crises in the 21st Century countries where they dwell your native language is in... 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Have on regions most recently, kurdish moves for independent states in Syria and have. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan [ 18 ] [ 17 ] 19. The term `` stateless '' implies that the opportunity cost of volunteers cleaning up beaches around the costs! ), Quickly review popular literary works like now claiming you are not actual... Country is now claiming you are not as common as often assumed, and.. Their state, however, never established their own Parliaments in Norway, &! The German utility RWE bereft of many rights and legal protections up in the 1990s License... Mcclimans, Next: the U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International.... Mainland Europe East formed their national consciousness differs a great deal from that Europe... Stateless nations are trapped in highly discriminatory situations, still holds investments of over 1.38 NOK. And understood `` stateless '' implies that the group `` should have such. Of superimposed boundaries in Africa remain stateless in the Balkans and mainland.. Of stateless nation example Turkey, referred to the land has a historical explanation related to power in... Trouble obtaining citizenship and often face discrimination state in the social sciences to critically the. Detailed explanation, see: Sensoy & Diangelo ( 2012 ) Exam, the founder of modern Turkey, to! Often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the stateless nations are in! Thousands of Roma were killed in Nazi concentration camps during world War II regarding the AP Geography... ( and of course equivalents in other languages ) may be okay in one country but offensive in.... Clarify some terms: ethnic groups are named by other groups of citizens over 90 percent of a particular....