It would be disastrous to the community if a doctor examining a patient or operating at the table, instead of getting on with his work, were forever looking over his shoulder to see if someone was coming up with a dagger. It is not in dispute that the plaintiffs subsequent problems were related to infection and the development of the CSF leak which resulted from the non-culpable perforation of the dura. DPP v O'Brien. A mentally ill patient P was given electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), during which he suffered a fractured pelvis and other injuries. The registrar D tried to deliver the child per vaginam using forceps, and pulled several times without success. He practices at the Walton Hospital in Liverpool performing some 400 operations a year. This led to the development of arachnoiditis. This surgery was also unsuccessful. Dave Jensen shook the dead man's hand. A body of eleven doctors out of a total of well over 1000 orthopaedic surgeons and neuro surgeons is very small. Official Shorthand Writers to the Court, ____________________MR D BRENNAN QC and MR C UTLEY (Instructed by Kingsley Napley, London, WC2E 9PT) appeared on behalf of Plaintiff/Appellant. This is a Bibliography related to just-in-time and lean enterprise concepts and techniques. O'Brien refuses because he has respect for the dead. Picture: Leah Farrell/RollingNews.ie. O'Brien's charismatic appearance and manners fool Winston into believing that he too is working against the Party, leading Winston to incriminate himself. However, when a family member comes along and witnesses the limb-strewn aftermath, tort becomes just a little uneasy, as broken limbs are superseded by broken hearts and shattered relationships., [See: Joanne Conaghan, Tort Law and Feminist Critique (2003) Current Legal Problems 175-209]. This approach will clearly lead to liability for some behaviors for which there was none before. Starke and another (Executors of Brown decd) v Inland Revenue Commissioners: CA 23 May 1995. For example, the case of "De Freitas v O'Brien and Connolly (1995)", despite only 11 surgeons out of 1000 surgeons claiming they would of carried out a certain procedure, the court still accepted and the small percentage of 'reasonable bodies' opinion and stated it was still 'reasonable'. A girl claimed compensation for psychiatric injuries caused by bullying on the estate where she lived and on the bus to and from school. He accepted that the myelogram performed by Dr Grant showed that there was no evidence of nerve root compression; there was a minimal and insignificant increase in lordosis; there was an appreciable increase in scoliosis which he assessed at approximately 10 degrees; this was not postural, but stemmed from the fused vertebrae resulting from the first operation. She did not make a good recovery, but worse was to come. LORD JUSTICE OTTON:This is an Appeal from a decision of His Honour Judge Byrt QC, sitting as a Deputy High Court Judge on ll June 1993, whereby he dismissed the Plaintiffs action for damages by finding in favour of the First and Second Defendants. She also joined Mr Campbell-Connolly as second defendant. On 05/13/2019 Russell DeFreitas filed a Prisoner - Other Prisoner lawsuit against Gregory Kizziah. The judge found in C's favour and awarded damages of 500. Elloy de Freitas Appellant. They attached significance to the increase in the scoliosis at the level of the first operation, coupled with the altered and deteriorating pattern of pain. A sizable crowd that witnessed the card-burning demonstration "began attacking O'Brien and his companions." (at 369.) This case was filed in U.S. Courts Of Appeals, U.S. Court Of Appeals, Sixth Circuit. It was open to the judge to find as a fact that a small number of specialists supporting DD's course of treatment constituted a responsible body of medical opinion, and he had done so in this case. He either performs or is responsible for some 400-500 cases a year. Share. All focus on the Alpha Company and the fate of its soldiers after they return home to America. If you are already a subscriber, click login button. In every case the courts must be satisfied that the standard contended for on their behalf accords with that upheld by a substantial body of medical opinion, and that this body of medical opinion is both respectable and responsible, and experienced in this particular field of medicine.. ), Bolam v Friern Hospital [1957] 2 All ER 118, McNair J. He clearly did. Mr Piers Ashworth QC, on behalf of the respondent, submits on the cross-notice that the learned judge fell into error, that these findings were founded on a misconception and that the learned judge was not justified, on the evidence, in finding that the first defendant had deliberately dictated a false operation note within minutes of the conclusion of surgery. Only full case reports are accepted in court. Phase 2A, 2B, & 2C Sewer Improvements West Complex Infrastructure . It is not enough to show that subsequent events show that the operation need never have been performed, if at the time the decision to operate was taken it was reasonable in the sense that a responsible body of medical opinion would have accepted it as proper., I would only add that a doctor who professes to exercise a special skill must exercise the ordinary skill of his speciality. -Smolden v. Whitworth & Nolan [1996] -not kids fault, Leading Case: Dunnage v. Randall [2015] EWCA Civ 673 The test for negligence is still based on objective, reasonable care, however if a defendant is NOT aware of a disabling condition or acting in an autonomous state, they will not be liable Greater care must be taken during activities if people have disabilities, -Roberts v. Ramsbottom [1980] DISAPPROVED- dont use -Mansfield v. Weetabix [1998]- coma not liab didnt know gonna happen-Haley v. London Electricity Board [1965]- blind more standard-Morrell v. Owen [1993]-? (The jury found in favour of the defendant. specific types of people who can breach:novicesexperts, not fair to apply reasonable man?- ends up same standard as every1 else, Leading Case: Nettleship v. Weston [1971] 2 QB 691 Novices and inexperienced defendants will still be treated by the (objective) standard of the reasonable person, notwithstanding that they may not actually possess those skills, Nettleship v. Weston [1971]- compared to reasonable driver Cook v. Cook [1987] (High Court of Australia)- rels btw 2 ppl in car -subj kicked inImbree v. McNeilly [2008] (High Court of Australia)- back to nettleship viewWilsher v. Essex AHA [1988]- junior -judge by doc standard- no liab - asks senior takes repons, law not sure judge by standard it all depends higher driver= higeher driver3yrs - 20yrs it all depends, Condon v. Basi [1985]- varying sporting standards- 1srt legaue 3rd league Elliott v. Saunders, (unreported QBD, 10 June 1994)-applied same ref same for both -Bartlett v. The England Cricket Board Association of Cricket Officials [2015], Leading Case: Meiklejohn v. St Georges NHS Trust [2014] EWCA Civ 120 An expert should be judged by the appropriate (objective) comparator of similar experts The applicable standard is what skills and abilities the defendant holds themselves out to possess. Or, is this still a gendered concept that reinforces a dualistic attribution of reason & rationality to men, and emotion & intuition to women? The jury should not find the defendant negligent simply because one of the risks inherent in an operation actually took place, or because in a matter of opinion he made an error of judgement. I address the question as to what is the body of medical opinion about which the defendant should be judged in his specialism. Mr Findlay in evidence had expressed the view that he found the first defendants description of his findings at operation in the area of the central spinal canal difficult to understand and that he would have expected this to have been apparent on the myelogram. Penney and others v East Kent Health Authority, 2000. "Notes" is the key vignette for unlocking the medium-is-the-message form of O'Brien's novel. The burden of proof is upon the plaintiff. ?-Dunnage v. Randall [2015]-??-. A small number of doctors can constitute responsible medical opinion. A responsible medical body would not recommend surgery on account of intractable pain alone. O'Brien told an FBI agent that . Defreitas v O'Brien and Another: CA 16 Feb 1995. This innovative text is the first to examine the contemporary psychological experience of African Americans through the lens of a positive, strengths-based model. For the last 14 years the plaintiff has suffered great pain . To say a doctor has committed an error of clinical judgement does not in itself indicate whether or not he has been negligent; some errors of judgement may be consistent with the due exercise of professional skill, while other acts or omissions in the course of exercising clinical judgement may be so glaringly below the proper standards as to make a finding of negligence inevitable. 7-1 decision for United Statesmajority opinion by Earl Warren. Lloyd's List Intelligence is a trading name of Maritime Insights & Intelligence Limited. He then considered the factors which led to the first defendant to decide to operate: These findings cover the factors upon which the defendant relied in making his decision to operate but they may be summarised as follows: the fact of the earlier operation, the subsequent altered pattern of pain, the restricted straight leg raising, the wasted right buttock, the intractable pain, the 10 degree increase in scoliosis due to the first operation.. Nor did he reject the first defendants assertion that following this procedure the symptoms complained of were relieved. The Plaintiff, Mrs Patricia De Freitas, alleged that she suffered personal injury, loss and damage as a result of the negligence of the first defendant, John OBrien, a consultant orthopaedic surgeon, and the second defendant, Raynier Campbell-Connolly, a consultant neuro-surgeon. Edna O'Brien's true-crime novel, In The Forest, forces Ireland to confront its dark side, says Ronan Bennett. Two spinal surgeons form a category of specialism which is separate and apart from those other orthopaedic and neuro-surgeons who are engaged in a wider field of surgical practice.. Log in. This at least is the basis on which I have taken account of this unhappy chapter of events.. Mr John Webb is an orthopaedic surgeon whose training included a post at the Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry. Differences of opinion and practice exist, and will always exist, in the medical and in other professions. The problem of the leak of CSF was corrected but the plaintiff continues to suffer from chronic arachnoiditis, an inflammation of one of the layers of the membranes covering the spinal cord. The Things They Carried Summary. In summary, in cases involving medical skill and treatment only, once it's found that the actions of the defendant are in line with a responsible body of opinion, even if small, there is no negligence as long as that opinion can be justified. They said they had arrest warrants for another 26 people. Study sets, textbooks, questions. Through a feminist focus on caring, context, and interconnectedness, we can move beyond measuring appropriate behavior by algebraic formulas to assessing behavior by its promotion of human safety and welfare. Counsel further submitted that even if the small number of spinal surgeons could be considered responsible, nonetheless they had to be a substantial body. Fri 3 May 2002 19.02 EDT. In particular the authoritative passage in this respect is to be found inMaynard v West Midlands RHA[1984 1 WLR 634, a decision of the House of Lords in which Lord Scarman in his speech at 637H stated: The only other question of law is as to the nature of the duty owed by a doctor to his patient. It is not for this court to attempt to devise a comprehensive list of what they might be. Updated: 09 December 2022; Ref: scu.79881. Find contact's direct phone number, email address, work history, and more. However, Mr Ashworth is understandably concerned about the effect upon the reputation of a distinguished surgeon in the light of the judges further comment. IN THE COURT OF APPEAL (CIVIL DIVISION) De Freitas v O'Brien [1995] P.I.Q.R. C's widow sued for damages but failed. A . 1st Oct 2021 Case Summary Reference this In-house law team Jurisdiction / Tag(s): UK Law. what do you do after looking at breach rmt and raising stndards? There was severe stenosis on the right side due to this shingling and unfolding and this may have been precipitated by the anteriographs being inserted on the left-side with marked distraction so that the right side was actually closed down a little., There was marked lordosis at the L4 segment, less obvious at the L5 level and the shingling was responsible for severe compression of the right L5 nerve root, in addition to the right S1 nerve root.The nerve roots L4, L5 and S1 were seen to be compressed and were decompressed well out into the lateral canals so that quite extensive foramenotomies were performed.. It follows that I consider that this appeal should be dismissed. He said that 30% 40% of the patients upon whom he operated for nerve root compression exhibited no neurological signs, though in such cases he would have had myelographic confirmation of his diagnosis. Use this CliffsNotes The Things They Carried Study Guide today to ace your next test! v. (1) The Permanent Secretary of Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Lands and Housing (2) The Public Service Commission and (3) The Attorney General Respondents. He has run spinal study training courses since 1984 and was editor of the text book on spinal surgery published in 1992. Carlill v Carbolic Smokeball Company [1893] 1 QB 256 - Intention. In "The Things They Carried," the Alpha Company is . Having classified the operation as exploratory or investigative, he continued: In the circumstances I see nothing in principle which is unreasonable in a spinal specialist carrying out an exploratory operation provided adequate safeguards are in place to protect the interests and welfare of the patient as they must, of course, be too in other fields of surgery. View David Wickland's business profile as Training Officer at United Nations. The learned judge treated the accuracy of the post-operative note as affecting the defendants credibility. These did not confirm this diagnosis but the discogram showed early disc degeneration at L 4/5 level. He pointed out that the first defendant, Mr Findlay, and MrWebb were surgeons undertaking tertiary referrals from other consultant surgeons practising in the wider field seeking out the more limited but focused skills of the spinal specialist. He went on to find that the first defendants decision to operate on the plaintiff was a decision of which a responsible body of medical opinion would have approved. Barclays Bank Plc v O'Brien [1994] 1 AC 180. He said: I go straight away to the issue as to whether the defendant did find a severe nerve root compression in the area of the central spinal canal which he recorded in his operation notes and about which he told me in evidence., I find that there was no nerve root compression in the central area covered by (the) myelogram; that the operation notes which purported to record its presence were inaccurate and wrong. While Orwell gives the reader a close look into the personal life of Winston Smith, the reader's only glimpses of Party life are those that Winston himself catches. At this point Mr Campbell-Connolly was brought in to deal with the cerebro-spinal fluid. Medicine . Upholding the trial judge's finding in favour of DD, the Court of Appeal said the "responsible body of medical opinion" need not be particularly large. One can only speculate why he should have done so.One can only conjecture that in an unguarded moment of depression and/or disappointment when he realised his diagnosis had not been substantiated he dressed up his findings in a cloak of wishful thinking. Hatcher v Black (1954) Times 2/7/54, Denning J, A woman P suffered side effects from an operation on her throat, and sued the surgeon concerned. He was confident of the logic which argued that the earlier operation had created the problem of the right-sided pain. It was not enough to show there was a body of medical opinion which considered that a doctor had acted wrongly, if there was another equally competent body of opinion which supported his action. P eople v O'Brien [1965] IR 142 . There was evidence before the learned judge which he clearly accepted to justify his conclusion that a small number of tertiary specialists could constitute a responsible body of medical opinion. subscribers. For the last 14 years the plaintiff has suffered great pain and discomfort in her back. The most recent authoritative formulation is that by Lord Edmond Davies inWhitehouse v Jordan[1981] 1 WLR 246when he said: The test is the standard of the ordinary skilled man exercising and professing to have that special skill. The issue whether or not to operate could not be determined by counting heads. Approving the Bolam test, Lord Scarman said there would inevitably be differences of opinion within the medical profession. The defendant's actual qualifications and experience are irrelevant. The village was deserted except for one dead, old man lying near a pigpen. Salas O'Brien : Corona: CA: Architect: Key Contacts: Active Projects.com: Ecom Engineering Inc. Sacramento: CA: Architect: . If there was nerve root compression it needed to be corrected promptly; if there was none then it was valuable to have it excluded.. Written and curated by real attorneys at Quimbee. ?- hire tramp- accidnts happen however do believe to blame dad, Palmer v. Cornwall CC [2009]- supervision case, Magnitude of the Risk (Severity) -super dangerous= special care e.g risk odeath/injury, Frequency of the Risk- how many times does it happen-more likely need to do suen what about high risk/severity= sibjective, Cost of taking precautions- how much cost to fix it, Phillips v. William Whitely [1938]- compare to tatoo stadard, Wells v. Cooper [1958]- compare to amateur carperter okay, Greaves & Co (Contractors) v. Baynham Meikle & Partners [1975]- can standards get higher= rejcted, Eckersley v. Binnie [1988]-rejects expert standard, Defreitas v. OBrien [1995]- expert standard, Wimpey Construction (UK) Ltd v. Poole (DV) [1984], Matrix Securities Ltd v. Theodore Goddard (A Firm) [1998], Meiklejohn v. St Georges NHS Trust [2014]. P had a difficult labour. It combats the deficit perspective that has permeated the psychological literature about African Americans by focusing on the strengths that have facilitated their growth and resiliencewhile also considering existing challenges . They were unable to use the stairs or to open the windows; C2 eventually smashed a window to escape, but was badly injured in so doing, and the children died. -T~7/,vL=7-Lb;O;b7aluiuH.z}_0.mC;8>}#=nV@,PF>oE>A3r#hN4EVyeEE^hEybzi7t+2CvtC^N? The judge first reviewed the evidence of the experts called on behalf of the plaintiff to the effect that in the absence of neurological signs of compression an exploratory operation would be unwarranted. South and District Finance Plc v Barnes Etc: CA 15 May 1995. In English law the word substantial has only appeared in the judgment of Hirst J cited above. Gan Insurance Company Limited and Another v Tai Ping Insurance Company Limited: CA 28 May 1999. R v O'Brien (1978 SCC) Facts: O'Brien and co-accused jointly charged with possession of a narcotic for the purpose of trafficking.O'Brien convicted while co-accused flees the country. She was discharged home on 7 August. Minna D. Edelman for Legal Awareness For Women, amicus curiae. Analysis. Also facilitated on Zoom and live-streaming on the School of Art Gallery, University of Manitoba YouTube channel. Rhode Island State Police said Thursday that they arrested 62 people in a sweeping investigation into welfare fraud. The test was whether the defendant had fallen short, in judgement or otherwise, of the standards to be expected of an ordinary skilled surgeon. It was open to the judge to find as a fact . The learned judge certainly made strong adverse findings against the first defendant in respect of the second operation note. No. The trial judge found D had been negligent in his treatment, but the Court of Appeal and a majority of the House of Lords disagreed. Defreitas v O'Brien and another (1993) 4 Med LR 281 MAYOR'S AND CITY OF LONDON COURT and Honour Judge BYRT. In ground 6 the plaintiff that the learned judge, in accepting the defendants expert witnesses, fell into error by failing to take into account the fact that, when giving their evidence, those witnesses were assuming that the first defendant had not deliberately falsified his operation notes and had not lied on oath about his findings at operation. De Freitas v O'Brien and Connolly (1995) 6 Med LR 108 COURT OF APPEAL Lord Justice LEGGATT, Lord Justice SwintonTHOMAS, and Lord Justice OTTON. Only full case reports are accepted in court. D prescribed a certain herbal remedy, but C suffered an unpredictable idiosyncratic reaction and died. Order: Appeal dismissed. James O'Brien left LBC listeners in stitches as he summed up what France must think of Suella Braverman.'She wants to sign the same treaty that we've already. 1344, based on a 2004-to-2007 scheme in which O'Brien misrepresented her income and liabilities to cause lenders to issue and refinance loans related to two Chicago investment properties O'Brien owned., O'Brien was a licensed attorney with a background and experience in the real estate industry, including as . Thus there was not only evidence to support the first defendants decision to operate in the absence of radicular pain, the learned judge unequivocally preferred the evidence of the first defendants experts to those called on behalf of the plaintiff. Join us for a conversation between The Performance of Shadows curator Lillian O'Brien Davis and artist Erika DeFreitas, focusing on their shared interests in. Given the low level of risk, a substantial body of negro-surgical opinion was for non-disclosure, and that was sufficient. Just as we can now evaluate behavior as negligent if its utility fails to outweigh its risks of harm, we could evaluate behavior as negligent if its care or concern for anothers safety or health fails to outweigh its risks of harm., [Leslie Bender, A Lawyers Primer on Feminist Theory and Tort (1988) 38 Journal of Legal Education 3, 32]. Defreitas v O'Brien and Connolly. 3(1): It shall be the duty of every employer to conduct his undertaking in such a way as to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that persons not in his employment who may be affected thereby are not thereby exposed to risks to their health employed to persons other or safety. My first observation is that theBolamtest does not impose any burden of proof upon the defendant to establish that his diagnosis or treatment would be acceptable to a responsible body of medical opinion. Non-Fatal Offences; Government Influence on Exchange Rates - Summary; Admin Exam Notes - Catherine Donnelly & Hilary Biehler; . The Bolam test has been misused and misquoted since its inception in the Bolam v Friern case in 1957. . Mr Brennan advances a second ground that if the learned judge found that a responsible body of medical opinion existed which would have operated on the plaintiff in the absence of neurological signs of nerve root compression, radiographic evidence and radicular pain, that finding was not supported by any evidence. Accordingly it was the learned judges duty to analyse carefully and with reservations the reasons put forward by the spinal surgeons for advocating a practice thought to be dangerous and unmerited by the vast majority of responsible practitioners. Get free homework help on Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried: book summary, chapter summary and analysis, quotes, essays, and character analysis courtesy of CliffsNotes. Undoubtedly, in the vast majority of cases this will be the experience of women and their partners. More info. A Leading Case: Bolam v. Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582 Doctors should be judged by whether they have acted in accordance with other skilled doctors (notwithstanding they may be contrary views) One of the most fascinating aspects of 1984 is the manner in which Orwell shrouds an explicit portrayal of a totalitarian world in an enigmatic aura. Close, Professional liability Orthopaedic surgeon Negligence Diagnosis and treatment Nerve root compression Exploratory surgery Whether orthopaedic surgeon was negligent in performing operations when there was no clear clinical or radiological evidence to substantiate requirement for operation to take place Whether surgeon acted contrary to opinion of responsible body of ordinary medical persons specializing in spinal surgery Professional liability Neurosurgeon Treatment of patient Whether, following discharge of fluid from back wound, decision of neurosurgeon to leave open breach in dural wall was contrary to opinion of responsible body of ordinary medical persons specializing in neurosurgery. She is left with a permanent disability accompanied by crippling pain which has left her virtually confined to bed. ____________________. what happned in Defreitas v. O'Brien [1995]? Albert J. Emanuelli for respondent-appellant. By continuing to use the website, you consent to our use of cookies. If instead we impose a duty of acting responsibly with the same self-conscious care for the safety of others that we would give our neighbors or people we know, we require the actor to consider the human consequences of her failure to rescue. De Freitas v O'Brien [1993] 4 Med LR 281. It was sufficient if he was satisfied that there was a responsible body. As the learned judge correctly put it at p59F, Has the plaintiff proved that the decision to operate on that basis was a decision that no reasonable doctor working within their specialism would take?. This establishment is of world wide repute as a centre of clinical excellence in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal disorders. Order for payment of the Respondents costs by the Legal Aid Board subject to the order lying in the office for 10 weeks so that the Area Director may be afforded the opportunity of showing cause why that course should not be followed. A fire broke out while the wife C2 and the three young children were upstairs. LEXIS 52 (2006), Ohio Court of Claims, case facts, key issues, and holdings and reasonings online today. Defreitas v O'Brien (1995) Times 16/2/95, CA. Leading Case: Hyde & Associates Ltd v. JD Williams & Co [2001] BLR 99 The Bolam test is equally applicable to non-medical contexts, however there are three qualifications to its use where it does not apply (illogical, no responsible body, no special skill involved). The findings that the defendant had deliberately falsified his operation note and lied on oath about his findings are the subject of a cross-notice of appeal. builds on d.o.c look at behaviour need d.o.c if dont = no breach hw should always try mention to get higher marks, McHale v. Watson [1966] (Privy Council)- australiab case- kid standard fluctuates, diff level diff expec, boys 12 act boys 12. The judge found in favour of the second defendant and he plays no part in this appeal. Jurisdiction: England and Wales. (2) If the allegation of negligence against a medical practitioner is based on proof that he deviated from a general and approved practice, that will not establish negligence unless it is also proved that the course he did take was the one which no medical practitioner of like specialisation and skill would have followed had he been taking the ordinary care required from a person of his qualifications.. 346 words (1 pages) Case Summary. David Paul O'Brien (O'Brien) and three other people burned their registration certificates for the Selective Service in front of the South Boston Courthouse on March 31, 1966. D said in evidence that he did normally give such a warning but by an oversight had not done so on this occasion; however, since many surgeons did not warn of this risk, he had inadvertently been following the practice of a substantial body of responsible medical opinion. Carillion Construction v Felix [2001] BLR 1. Professional liability Orthopaedic surgeon Negligence Diagnosis and treatment Nerve root compression Exploratory surgery Whether orthopaedic surgeon was negligent in performing operations when there was no clear clinical or radiological evidence to substantiate . Mr Findlay is a consultant neuro-surgeon specialising exclusively in spinal surgery since 1985. Case Details Parties Documents Dockets. Whitehouse v Jordan [1981] 1 All ER 267, HL. O'Brien. %PDF-1.6
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In my view the appellants emphasis and reliance upon this finding by the learned judge is not justified. Mr Campbell-Connolly was also made second defendant in this action but the learned judge found in his favour and that matter is not before this court. One of twelve brothers and sisters, he was born in 1911 in Strabane, County . Nine days later she was re-admitted with pain in the right buttock and thigh and restricted movement in the right leg straight raising. -Bolton v. Stone [1951]- cricket - didnt happen very often, - Social Value / Utility- could reduce level of risk, ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable)- reduce risk as low as poss cant have zero risk- whats reasonabke?- how do we blance agaisnt what aken palce. It was soon apparent that the surgery had not been successful. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that affects many people worldwide. Quimbee has over 16,300 case briefs (and counting) keyed to 223 casebooks https://www.quimbee.com/case-briefs-. 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