Gabriela Calderon-Espinal, Bay Shore, NY. After exploring images related to the farmworkers' movement, students will watch a video that explains the events that occurred in the first year of the strike. As lettuce growers in Salinas, California watched the impact of the United Farm Workers of America (UFW) during the Delano Grape Strike, they decided to get ahead of the situation by bringing in a union themselves.According to "Working People in California," edited by Daniel Cornford, the lettuce growers in the Salinas and Santa Maria valleys signed contracts with the Western Conference of . This event sparked the decision to use the protest tactic of boycotting as the means by which the labor movement would win the struggle against the Delano grape growers. In July of 1970, most of the major growers in the Delano area agreed to pay grape pickers $1.80 an hour (plus 20 cents for each box picked), contribute to the union health plan, and ensure that . Body Cavities and Abdominal Quadrants. The group was successful in its course of action, and this resulted in the spoilage of a thousand ten-ton cases of grapes which were left to rot on the docks. Use questions generated about individuals and groups to assess how the significance of their actions changes over time and is shaped by the historical context. 1968 Students learn about education, identity, and activism through an exploration of the East Los Angeles school walkouts, when thousands of students protested unequal educational opportunities for Mexican American students. 2 The Delano grape strike lasted five years, which included an international boycott of table grapes. The Filipino workers were upset that they received only $1.25 per hour compared with the $1.40 hourly wage of farmworkers who were part of the bracero . The Delano Grape Strike entails the refusal of the Filipino-American farm workers to go to work to pick grapes in a farmland in California.. Picketing continued throughout the country, including in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Florida. But Cesar knew the strikers greatest weapon was simply their decision not to quit, to persevere no matter what the odds or how long it would take. A Division of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Mapping UFW Strikes, Boycotts, and Farm Worker Actions 1965-1975, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The grape strike that transformed a nation, 50 years later", "La Causa: The Delano Grape Strike of 1965-1970", "When Mexicans and Filipinos joined together", "The Forgotten Filipino-Americans Who Led the '65 Delano Grape Strike", "COACHELLA VALLEY: Filipinos' 1965 strike set stage for farm labor cause", "How Filipino Migrants Gave the Grape Strike Its Radical Politics | Dollars & Sense", "Filipino-Americans: The forgotten leaders of '65 grape strike", "50 Years Later, Remembering the Delano Grape Strike", "26 Grape Growers Sign Union Accord; Boycott Nears End", "Fear and Tension Grip Salinas Valley in Farm Workers' Strike", "Looking back on the year that forever changed farming in the Salinas Valley", "Amid Chants of 'Huelga!,' an Embodiment of Hope", "Why the 'Cesar Chavez' biopic matters now", "Out of the Fields, Onto the Screen: What 'Cesar Chavez' Gets Wrong About the Labor Movement", "Grapes Of Wrath: The Forgotten Filipinos Who Led A Farmworker Revolution", "Strike! More than a labor dispute, the strike became a movement for social justice that helped redefine Latino and American politics. [31][32] The contracts included timed pay increase, health, and other benefits.[33]. Politics News of the boycott was spread by a campaign coordinated by Huerta, according to The Voluntown Peace Trust, that sent "hundreds of strikers across the country to share their stories. Labor activists, spearheaded the organization of Chicano agricultural workers into the United Farm Workers, UFW, the first successful union of migrant workers, 1965, strike of grape pickers in the fields around the Delano, CA and a nationwide boycott of table grapes brought Chavez and the UFW into the media spotlight, advocated nonviolent . Local police and sheriffs provided armed protection. It is Kern County's second-largest city after Bakersfield. Minneapolis.2011. Smithsonian Magazinewrites that Itliong would also negotiate the construction of Agbayani Village, a senior home for retired elderly Filipino workers who had no family, and a "percentage of each grape box picked would support the retirement facility.". Thick Tule fog shrouded the valley, making things seem even drearier. The Filipinos asked Cesar Chavez, who led a mostly Latino farm workers union, the National Farm Workers Association . While Chavez took the limelight, the historical record of Itliong, a co-founder and former assistant director, faded and became overlooked. Itliong and Chavez also had their hesitations in working together, but they knew the merger needed to happen in order to make a difference. Interaction According to the Global Nonviolent Action Database, the UFWA signed contracts that affected 20,000 grape workers. [19][20][21][22] Despite attempts at negotiation, growers were not willing to raise wages since workers were easily replaceable. Schenley was a nationally known company, with millions in liquor sales each year. Includes: Interviews, speeches, congressional testimony, diary entries, and firsthand recollections from the early 1960s to the present Why did the Delano grape strike happen? "They set the stage for everything," said Paul Chavez, son of the. Use your graph to work on the problem. United Farm Workers leader Dolores Huerta at the Delano grape workers strike in Delano, Calif., 1966. Two and a half years into the strike, during the winter of 1967-68, some strikers, especially some young men, were impatient. This was an attempt to pressure the growers and the state government to answer the demands of the Mexican American and Filipino American farm workers which represented the Filipino-dominated Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee and the Mexican-dominated National Farm Workers Association, led by Cesar Chavez. The decision to strike was full of risk for farmworkers and their families. However, while the Filipino workers under Itliong readily joined the strike, Mexican workers were willing to accept $1.20 . University Library, Special Collections & University Archives, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas. This decision was a big risk for Delanos grape workers. Shaw, Randy. The population was 51,428 in 2020, down from 53,041 in 2010. When the NFWA joined the strikers, they were shocked at how violent the growers were towards the Filipino workers. consumer surplus, and deadweight loss would change. There were different conflicts between groups and people participating. Once there, the protestors were instructed to persuade the longshoremen to refrain from loading the shipment of grapes. Workers could legally strike or picket their employer, for example, though companies did try to limit even these actions. Our headquarters are located at: 89 South Street, Suite 401, Boston, MA 02111. Use the Think, Pair, Share teaching strategy to lead a final discussion on what students learned during the lesson. 6 terms. While there was temptation to resort to violence against grape growers that abused . He said, the whole essence of nonviolent action is getting a lot of people involved, vast numbers doing little things.. But for Cesar, nonviolence was more than a tactic or strategy that could be discarded if it wasnt working. [30], The DiGiorgio Corporation was finally pressured into holding an election among its workers allowing them to choose the union they wanted to represent them on August 30, 1967. The text of a speech given by Robert F. Kennedy about Cesar Chavez during a visit to Delano, California, March 10, 1968. The grape growers ultimately got what they fought so hard for, signing union contracts with higher pay, better benefits and enhanced protections. Thick Tule fog shrouded the valley, making things seem even drearier. DELANO. Tell students that in this lesson, they will be learning about a strike organized by farmworkers on vineyards in Delano, California. Itliong a five foot five, cigar-chomping union veteran organized 1,5000 Filipino laborers to strike against the grape growers of Delano, California for the federal minimum wage. [20] Upon arriving in Delano, the farm workers were told by growers that instead of being paid the $1.40-per-hour wage they received in Coachella, they would be paid $1.20-per-hour, which was below the federal minimum wage. America But 1965 was not the past. There, an Itliong-led group of Filipino-American migrant workers asked for a $0.15/hour raise. Students explore the first year of the Delano grape strike, when grape workers in California's San Joaquin Valley went on strike to demand higher wages and better work conditions. It was the Salinas Valley in the early '40s, and Chavez came from the nameless migrant workers toiling in the fields. After several years of strikes and boycotts, Delano grape workers declared victory. per boiler plus a fee of$500 per month to act as dealer for these boilers. Such tactics had long been an effective check on union power. The Renegade Rip (CA): United Farm Workers celebrate the Delano Grape Strike '65 movement. Watch a Video Clip about the California Grape Workers Strike. The Road to Delano For many Cesar Chavez began the Chicano Movement. 1 The strike began mainly with workers of Filipino ancestry, organized by Larry Itliong and the union called the Agricultural . The strike drew unprecedented support from outside the Central Valley, from other unions, church activists, students, Latinos and other minorities, and civil rights groups. [21] This pushed Itliong, who was the leader of the AWOC, to organize Filipino farm workers and pressure growers into granting them higher wages and better working conditions. When some companies went back on their contracts, the UFWA advocated another boycott of table grapes. Analyze how current interpretations of the past are limited by the extent to which available historical sources represent perspectives of people at the time. The Forgotten Filipino American Activist Behind the Delano Grape Strike A children's book about Larry Itliong aims to rectify history. Supporters formed a boycott committee in Vancouver, prompting an outpouring of support from Canadians that would continue throughout the following years. Delano grape strike (1965-1970), US v. Wheeler (1978) . Explore approaches to centering student voice, building authentic relationships and cultivating community with Molly Josephs, the creator of. Picketers were roughed up, attacked by dogs, threatened by cars, and . This pressure would eventually bring Schenley to the bargaining table to sign a labor agreement with the NFWA, the unions first. A strike of agricultural laborers in the vineyard of Delano California On September 7, 1965, Filipino grape workers in Delano, California voted to strike rather than accept the reduced wages proposed by grape growers. The two unions worked together, sharing picket lines, food and a union hall. Students will reflect on the impact it has when groups are made invisible to the rest of society. Article 5: Workers United: The Delano Grape Strike and Boycott. Levy, Jacques E., and Chavez, Cesar. Keith Dunlap, Digital Content Team, Graham Media Group. Save resources to create collections for your class or to review later. By fighting back they could prove their machismo, their manliness. Chavez argued this point before the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Migratory Labor in 1966, stating: The whole system of occupational discrimination must be killed just like the discrimination against people of color is being challenged in Washington. Senator Robert F. Kennedy was there, he said, out of respect for one of the heroic figures of our time., Cesar was too weak to speak, so his statement was read for him. Yet they also knew that the Association wasnt going to undercut the AWOC action. Other articles where Delano: The Story of the California Grape Strike is discussed: John Gregory Dunne: Dunne's first book, Delano: The Story of the California Grape Strike (1967; rev. The strike not only was a win for those workers in 1970, but it set a standard for the rights of farm workers all across America in future years. Csar Chvez shakes hands with John Giumarra Jr. after signing an agreement to end the strike. Boilers are sold for During the Delano grape strike, strikers at the picket line faced incredible violence. ed., 1971), examines the labour and social issues surrounding the grape pickers' strike of the mid-1960s. He planted little seeds of hope that sprouted into a renewed movement. 1st ed. Its dew became sweat on the young Cesar Chavez's brow as he picked lettuce and beets in the hot sun. This made the company an attractive and highly visible target for the farm workers. The result of the vote favored the union representation of the UFW, a 530 to 332 vote, against the representation of The Teamsters, which was the only union that was competing against the UFW in the election. The strike also catapulted its leader . The Schenley boycott was only the beginning. How can people work together to raise their voices and demand the rights they have been denied? To March for Others: The Black Freedom Struggle and the United Farm Workers. 1968 In fact, he helped lead one of the most successful strikes of all time, The Delano Grape Strike and Boycott. The strike started Sept. 8, 1965 when Filipino grape workers walked out on grape growers in Delano, Calif., to protest years of poor pay and working conditions. There was no hope of victory any time soon. There was no hope of victory any time soon. With the support of unions like the hotel and restaurant workers unions, Schenley suffered a significant drop in sales by April of 1966. And when the Bracero program ended, "Border Patrol opened the border, and trucks hauling strikebreakers roared up through the desert every night. In September, demand for industrial furnace boilers at a large plumbing supply warehouse has a The pilgrimage was also intended to bring widespread public attention to the farm worker's cause. Student groups in New York protested the Department of Defense and accused them of deliberately purchasing boycotted grapes. As the strike continued with no end . People driving by in trucks would shoot at and wound workers at the picket line, according to The New York Times, and police also arrested hundreds of workers for violating picket line injunctions as well as assault charges. In 1965, Chavez became involved in the Delano grape strike, where the Agricultural . Some didnt understand why Cesar was doing it. He recruited many people and eventually was asked to move to Delano to lead Filipino grape farmers. "Bold Step: A Celebration of the 50th Anniversary of the Delano Grape Strike," to be held this weekend in Delano, will cover the efforts of Filipino farm laborers to earn fair wages and the . The boycott had the potential to exert real economic pressure on the growers, perhaps even enough to finally bring them to the negotiating table. A New Era of Farmworker Organizing, Download the official NPS app before your next visit, The Road to Sacramento: Marching for Justice in the Fields. The Delano grape strike was a labor strike organized by the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC), a predominantly Filipino and AFL-CIO-sponsored labor organization, against table grape growers in Delano, California to fight against the exploitation of farm workers. During the strike, organizers from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), along with student activists from the Bay Area, arrived in Delano to offer support, drawing parallels between the Jim Crow South and rural California in the fight for racial justice. The Delano Grape Strike grew from a long history of labor organizing and protest. ELIBR0152, Box 1, Folder 4, The California Grape Boycott, circa 1968. And it wasn't until after Mr. Itliong asked Mr . In 25 days, Cesar lost 35 pounds. The Delano Grape Strike represents one of the most important labor movements in American history and demonstrates an intersection between the Civil Rights Movement and the movement initiated by the Mexican-American and Filipino-American communities. Labor organizations, including most AFL-CIO unions, faced strict restrictions when it came to boycotting companies or products. "The significance was to show support for Chavez and the work of the . It was a bold move. According to Garcia, the Delano strike was inspired by the success of a similar Filipino-American farmworker strikeon May 1965, in the Coachella Valley. Broader Terms. On Sept. 8, 1965, a group of farmers who worked in grape fields went on strike to protest poor pay and working conditions in Delano, California. Reminds Us of their Bravery. Just three years old, the young organization was still finding its footing - both financially and in the community. The strike lasted until 1970, when most grape growers signed contracts with the United Farm Workers union. He changed the face of agricultural labor in California. Reminds Us of their Bravery. Proclamation of the Delano Grape Workers for International Boycott Day, May 10, 1969. They were the Filipino grape pickers who 40 years ago called a strike. Strikes and lockouts--Vineyard laborers--California; Closely Matching Concepts from Other Schemes. Guide students analysis of a photograph, artwork, or video with this simple critical-viewing strategy. [17] In response to strikers, grape growers hired Mexican farm workers to cross the picket lines and break the strike, a tactic typically used to create conflict and reinforce divisions between Filipino and Mexican farm workers. New York: Verso, 2011. But Cesar and the farm workers showed ordinary people that by making little sacrifices every dayby not eating grapesthey could directly help the poorest of the poor. He led by example. California Grape Workers Strike: 196566. It might have been a half-century ago, but the impact of the Delano grape strike will always be felt -- not only in Hispanic history, but labor history in general. Politics View Delano Grape Strike from HISTORY MISC at Loyola Sacred Heart High School. the Spanish word for strike in favor of supporting the Delano grape farmer workers. [15][16] The strike succeeded in granting farm workers a 40-cent-per-hour raise, which resulted in a wage equivalent to the $1.40-per-hour wage that the recently outlawed braceros were paid. Students will analyze the strategies used in the farmworkers movement. The growers were sure the strikers would maintain a position of nonviolence. In the decades that followed, Cesar and the UFW continued using nonviolent strikes, boycotts, marches and fasts to help farm workers stand up for their rights and gather support from ordinary Americans to aid them in their efforts. The Delano strike and the events that transpired throughout 1960 to 1975 resulted in a victory for the UFW and farm workers. For Cesar, nonviolence couldnt be understood in the abstract. Less remembered are the many others who supported him during the strike. Araiza, Lauren. The mayors of New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Buffalo, Detroit, and other cities pledged their support, and many of them altered their cities grape purchases to support the boycott. After the Delano Grape Strike, agricultural workers . Repeat with the remaining two clips from the film (7:18-12:25 and 12:25-18:30). In 1968, in an attempt to "draw attention to the violence being used against the striking farm workers and to reaffirm his belief for nonviolence," NBC News reports that Chavez started a fast that lasted 25 days. Chronicles of American Women: Your History Makers, Women Writing History: A Coronavirus Journaling Project, We Who Believe in Freedom: Black Feminist DC, Learning Resources on Women's Political Participation. Politics and Culture in Modern America. Lasting five years, the Delano grape strike and boycott became known to workers as "La Huelga," or "the struggle" (per Records of Rights, posted at the National Archives). Johnson made the decision to engage the US in a major war in Vietnam, at first hoped to stay on course, faced presidential election in 1964, knew major military setback would cripple his election campaign, determined to avoid Truman's fate, worse conditions in South Vietnam, Johnson laid groundwork for a sustained campaign against North Vietnam, in August found pretext to set plan in motion, US destroyers in Gulf of Tonkin reported attacks by North Vietnam, Johnson ordered air strikes against bases in North Vietnam, appealed to Congress to pass resolution giving him authority to take all necessary measures and steps to defend US forces and protect SE Asia, Tonkin Gulf Resolution passed the Senate on Aug 7 with only two dissenting votes and moved unanimously through House, call for restraint in Vietnam, assured voters, this helped him win a landslide victory over conservatives Republican Barry Goldwater of Arizona, faced hard decision, limited bomb raids against North Vietnam did not slow the Communist Vietcong across the border into the South, president chose to increase US involvement in Vietnam massively, Request to Congress from President Lyndon Johnson in response to North Vietnamese torpedo boat attacks in which he sought authorization for "all necessary measures" to protest American forces and stop further aggression, Tonkin Gulf Resolution passed the Senate on Aug 7 with only two dissenting votes and moved unanimously through House, Johnson ordered immediate reprisal bombing and one week later, authorized Operation Rolling Thunder , campaign of gradually intensifying air attacks against North Vietnam, once begun Johnson found it hard to speak frankly with the American public about his policies, Network coverage of the war damaged Johnson's popularity, scenes of death and devastation undermined moral justification for the war, coverage in the print media came more skeptical of Johnson over time, Scenes of human suffering and devastation recorded by TV undermined the admin's moral justification of the war, 1960s, network news had ignored Vietnam or supportive of US policy, news of reporting changed, CBS showed pictures of marines setting fire to homes of civilians, President Johnson complained bitterly about news director, 1967, every subject tended to become Vietnam, TV news reports told of new methods of American cluster bombs and showed the effects of the forces, coverage in print media, vocal critics, Various alternatives to mainstream values and behaviors that became popular in the 1960s, including experimentation with psychedelic drugs, communal living a return to the land, Asian religions, and experimental art, Young adults takes out a new form of community, a counterculture, Drugs played large part in this counterculture, Music played large part in defining the counterculture, rock n' roll in 1950s, popular music expressed in the generational identity, Beatles in 1964, NY, more than 400 K people gathered in Aug in 1969 for a 3-day rock concert and to give witness to the ideals of the counterculture, many drugs, Most ambitious reform program since the New Deal, office of Economic Opportunity launched a War on Poverty, program had mixed results, 1964 State of the Union message, Johnson announced his plans to make a Great Society, used political momentum of the civil rights movement and Democratic majorities in the House and Senate to push the most ambitious reform program since the New Deal, 1964 the Economic Opportunity Act launched the War on Poverty, North Vietnamese and their Vietcong allies launched the Tet Offensive, Vietcong pushed into the major cities and capitals of the South, US troops halted the offensive, North Vietnamese and Vietcong suffered more than 40K deaths, civilian causalities ran to hundreds of thousands, about 1 million South Vietnamese became refugees, Tet Offensive shattered the credibility of American officials who repeatedly claimed the enemy to be virtually beaten, TV and press coverage dismayed the public, US had chalked up a major military victory during the Tet Offensive but los the war at home, polls showed strong opposition to war, 49% saying it was a mistake, majority believed that the stalemate was hopeless,Tet Offensive opened a year of political drama at home, Black Power-philosophy emerging after 1965 that real economic and political gains for African Americans could come only through self-help, self-determination, and organizing for direct political influence, NY Police raided the Stonewall Inn, next day Gay Power was seen in the neighborhood, Young Mexican Americans adopted the slang term Chicano, to express a militant ethnic nationalism, demanded equality with whites and recognition of their distinctive culture and history, Students played a large role in this movement, blowouts or strikes to demand educational reform and a curricular emphasis on the history, literature, art and language of Mexican Americans, 15K students from LA schools went on strike against poor educational facilities, police did mass arrest, 1969, Mexican Independence Day, high schools skipped classes in the First National Chicano Boycott, students organized to demand Mexican American studies in classes, 1969, sit in at UCB, Chicano nationalism inspired a variety of regional political movement in the 1960s, Mexican American activists found that economic power remained out of community hands, poverty and many fell back into apathy, collective identity forged among Mexican Americans, Labor activists, spearheaded the organization of Chicano agricultural workers into the United Farm Workers, UFW, the first successful union of migrant workers, 1965, strike of grape pickers in the fields around the Delano, CA and a nationwide boycott of table grapes brought Chavez and the UFW into the media spotlight, advocated nonviolent methods for achieving justice and equality [23][24][25] A crowd of more than twelve hundred supporters attended the meeting and overwhelmingly voted in favor of joining the strike, with members of Chavez's organization repeatedly chanting, "Huelga!" If you need help with the Public File, call 210-351-1241. He believed nonviolence is more powerful than violence, that it supports you if your cause is just. It took nearly five years of being on the picket lines and personal sacrifices before an agreement was finalized in July 1970 after a sizable boycott of grapes. There were several cases where pesticide spraying equipment was used to drench picketers with deadly surfer, which temporarily blinded them. mean of 7 boilers with a standard deviation of 2 boilers. greatstudykai. of the Strike to Bring Fair Wages for Farm Workers: RFK, Jr. Copyright (c) 2023 United Farm Workers All rights reserved. The boycott changed the scene of the battle from the fields, where the odds were stacked against farm workers, to the cities, where farm workers could appeal for help to the American people, whom Cesar called our court of last resort.. Nonetheless, in the fall of 1965, thousands of workers in the Delano grape fields voted in favor of striking This article . What were the circumstances? $2,850 each. That is the power in the Delano Grape Strike." It took five years of striking, plus an international boycott of table grapes, before growers signed contracts with the United Farm Workers. However, most of the growers continued to refuse to negotiate with the union, and the United Farm Workers organized a national boycott of grapes to place additional pressure on the growers. [26] In August 1966, the AFL-CIO charted the UFW, officially combining the AWOC and the NFWA. Cesar Chavez: Autobiography of La Causa. At dinner tables across the country, parents gave children a simple, powerful lesson in social justice. A Catholic mass was said daily near where Cesar was fasting in a tiny windowless room of an adobe-walled gas station at the Forty Acres, the UFW headquarters outside Delano. The success of the grape workers inspired others, and soon after the Delano grape strike ended, lettuce workers went on strike, in what became known as the Salad Bowl strike. The strike and the boycott continued until July 29, 1970, at which point the strikers declared victory as California table grape growers signed union contracts and agreed to give workers better pay, benefits, and protections. Cesar insisted the Latino and Filipino strikers work together, sharing the same picketlines, strike kitchens and union hall. The Complete History of the Famed Delano Grape Strike. The table grape strike succeeded where others had failed when Cesar Chavez, who led a well-publicized march from Delano to Sacramento in the spring of 1966, came up with a stroke of genius - the . In 1965, grape growers in California were given permission by the U.S. government to hire guest workers from Mexico, also known as braceros, as long as they were guaranteed a wage of $1.40 per hour and they could only be hired if similar wages were being paid to domestic workers. According to The Voluntown Peace Trust, the Delano grape strike also laid the groundwork for the Gallo Wine Boycott of 1973-1978. The fall of 1965, thousands of workers in the Delano strike and the called... Boycott of 1973-1978 higher pay, better benefits and enhanced protections that helped redefine Latino and American politics came! Was delano grape strike apush of risk for Delanos grape workers from 53,041 in 2010 asked Cesar began! Suite 401, Boston, MA 02111 no hope of victory any time soon any time soon after Mr. asked! Company, with millions in liquor sales each year got what they fought so hard for, signing contracts! 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Which available historical sources represent perspectives of people involved, vast numbers doing little things stage for,! Strike organized by farmworkers on vineyards in Delano, California planted little seeds of hope sprouted. Larry Itliong and the NFWA, the unions first strike and Boycott Heart School! Helped lead one of the most successful strikes of all time, creator. Prompting an outpouring of support from Canadians that would continue throughout the following years Database. On vineyards in Delano, Calif., 1966 Closely Matching Concepts from other Schemes on union.! An international Boycott of table grapes voices and demand the rights they have been denied their machismo, manliness. Politics View Delano grape strike ( 1965-1970 ), examines the labour and social surrounding! ; University Archives, University of Texas Rio Grande valley, Edinburg, Texas Agricultural labor in California grape voted...